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Soren Kierkegaard published ''Two Upbuilding Discourses'' three months after the publication of his big book, ''Either/Or'', which ended without a conclusion to the argument between A, the aesthete and B, the ethicist, as to which is the best way to live one's life. Kierkegaard hoped the book would transform everything for both of them into inwardness.〔The merit of the book, if it has any, does not concern me. If it has any it must essentially be that it does not provide any conclusion but in inwardness transforms everything: the fantasy-inwardness in Part I into a conjuring up of possibilities with intensified passion, the dialectic into a transforming, in despair, of everything into nothing; the ethical pathos in Part II into an embracing of resolution, of the ethical’s modest task, built up thereby, open before God and men. ''Concluding Unscientific Postscript Vol I'' p 254〕 In 1832 Hegel began an argument with Christianity by saying that knowledge is not something hurtful to faith but helpful. He says, philosophy (the love of knowledge) "has the same content as religion." This is due, in part, to the efforts of "Anselm and Abelard, who further developed the essential structure of faith" in the Middle Ages.〔''Lectures on the philosophy of religion, together with a work on the proofs of the existence of God.'' Vol 1. P. 21〕 Hegel wants people to base their belief in God on knowledge rather than faith, but, Kierkegaard wants each single individual to act out their faith before God. Faith isn't won by mental toil, it's won by personal struggle and the help of God.〔''Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses'', p. 18-19〕 Kierkegaard steers his readers away from the outer world of observation to the inner world of faith. Upbuilding was translated ''Edifying'' in 1946 when David F. Swenson first translated them. They became ''Upbuilding Discourses'' in Howard V. Hong's translation of 1990. Kierkegaard compared the poet, A in Either/Or, to the upbuilding speaker in a book published in 1846, "the decisive difference between the poet and the upbuilding speaker remains, namely, that the poet has no end or goal other than psychological truth and the art of presentation, whereas the speaker in addition has principally the aim of transposing everything into the upbuilding. The poet becomes absorbed in the portrayal of the passion, but for the upbuilding speaker this is only the beginning, and the next is crucial for him-to compel the stubborn person to disarm, to mitigate, to elucidate, in short, to cross over into the upbuilding."〔Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments Volume I, p. 257〕 And what did edifying or upbuilding mean to Kierkegaard? He explained this in relation to love in 1847, "To build up is to presuppose love; to be loving is to presuppose love; only love builds up. To build up is to erect something from the ground up – but, spiritually, love is the ground of everything. No human being can place the ground of love in another person’s heart; yet love is the ground, and we build up only from the ground up; therefore we can build up only by presupposing love. Take love away – then there is no one who builds up and no one who is built up."〔Works of Love, p. 224〕 Either/Or ends with Kierkegaard’s first upbuilding discourse, ''The Upbuilding Thought That Lies in the Thought That in Relation to God We Are Always in the Wrong.'' 〔''Either/Or Vol II'' Hong 1987, p. 339〕 He says, "Why did you wish to be in the wrong in relation to a person? Because you loved. Why did you find it upbuilding? Because you loved. The more you loved, the less time you had to deliberate upon whether or not you were in the right; your love had only one desire, that you might continually be in the wrong. So also in your relationship with God. You loved God, and therefore your soul could find rest and joy only in this, that you might always be in the wrong. You did not arrive at this acknowledgment out of mental toil; you were not forced, for when you are in love you are in freedom."〔''Either/Or Vol II'', Hong 1987 Ultimatum p. 349〕 Kierkegaard uses the ''Two Upbuilding Discourses'' to explain that the single individual has a relationship with God that is based on faith, not on knowledge. When faith announces itself within the individual, the job is to protect faith against its greatest enemy, doubt.〔''Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses'' p. 22-23〕 == Structure == *Each of the ''Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses'' begin with a dedication: ''To the late Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard, formerly a clothing merchant here in the city my Father these discourses are dedicated.'' 〔''Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses'', p. 5〕 *Next, there is either a Preface or a prayer attached to one of the discourses. The Preface is dedicated to that single individual Kierkegaard calls ''my'' reader. *Finally the discourses themselves are presented. Each discourse is based on a Bible passage. These are the titles of his first two discourses. #''The Expectancy of Faith'' #''Every Good and Every Perfect Gift is From Above'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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